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Published online: 03 January 2022 ; This article examines how repression is being wielded by the Russian Federation in Crimea against Muslim Tatar communities under the guise of countering terrorism and violent extremism, and how non-violent resistance and grassroots resilience is being fostered as a means of countering securitisation. The case demonstrates how language developed within a Western security context are co-opted by authoritarian actors, how Islamic activist groups engage in activities that can be framed as 'resilience-building' through the language of human rights, freedom of press and democracy, and the issues raised by applying the term 'resilience' within a counterterrorism context—both in illiberal and liberal settings. The article finds that techniques comparable to concepts of resilience-building are being conducted in an illiberal setting by communities in response to, and as a counter against highly repressive articulations of counterterrorism. It also suggests that the term 'resilience' is problematic in this context, failing to adequately account for—and often actively obscuring—organisational activism of communities and their interaction with the political context. This offers an understanding of community-led responses against counterterrorism and counter-extremism as a tool of repression as well as examining the credibility of terms such as 'resilience' within CVE in Crimea and elsewhere.

This chapter explores trends in counter-terrorism and countering violent extremism (CVE) which have developed between 2014 and 2019, to understand how they have impacted on and interacted with Muslim communities in Europe. It builds on two research questions—how different European countries have articulated discussions on, and responses to, extremism; and how these articulations are linked to national-level discussions on European Muslim communities. By analysing a dataset of 697 key CVE policy, programmes and institutions in Europe, the chapter develops several characterizations of how extremism have been conceptualized in ten European States. These are linked to national discussions on, and trends within, European Muslim minorities, to consider how communities interact with and are impacted by national CVE approaches. Such an approach enables us to conduct a broad assessment of the state of European CVE, as well as considering whether and how the widening of the security lens—in problematizing a plethora of new groups, ideologies and beliefs—has further entwined concepts of security and Islam in Europe.

This article examines how repression is being wielded by the Russian Federation in Crimea against Muslim Tatar communities under the guise of countering terrorism and violent extremism, and how non-violent resistance and grassroots resilience is being fostered as a means of countering securitisation. The case demonstrates how language developed within a Western security context are co-opted by authoritarian actors, how Islamic activist groups engage in activities that can be framed as 'resilience-building' through the language of human rights, freedom of press and democracy, and the issues raised by applying the term 'resilience' within a counterterrorism context—both in illiberal and liberal settings. The article finds that techniques comparable to concepts of resilience-building are being conducted in an illiberal setting by communities in response to, and as a counter against highly repressive articulations of counterterrorism. It also suggests that the term 'resilience' is problematic in this context, failing to adequately account for—and often actively obscuring—organisational activism of communities and their interaction with the political context. This offers an understanding of community-led responses against counterterrorism and counter-extremism as a tool of repression as well as examining the credibility of terms such as 'resilience' within CVE in Crimea and elsewhere.

The Routledge Handbook of Violent Extremism and Resilience brings together research conducted throughout Europe and the world, to analyse various articulations of violent extremism and consider the impact that such groups and networks have had on the wellbeing of communities and societies.

"At a time of great global uncertainty and instability, communities face fracturing from the increasing influence of extremist movements hostile to democratic and multicultural norms. Europe and the West have grown increasingly polarised in recent years, beset with financial crises, political instability, the rise of malicious actors and irregular violence, and new forms of media and social media. These factors have enabled the spread of new forms of extremism and suggest a growing need for a response sensitive to inequalities and divisions in wider society - a task made even more urgent by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Routledge Handbook of Violent Extremism and Resilience brings together research conducted throughout Europe and the world, to analyse various articulations of violent extremism and consider the impact that such groups and networks have had on the wellbeing of communities and societies. It examines different theories, factors and national case studies of extremism, polarisation and societal fragmentation, drilling deep into national examples to map trends across Europe, North America and Australasia, to provide regional and state-level comparative analysis. It also offers a thorough exploration of resilience - a recent addition to counter-extremism policy and practice - to consider how it has come to play this increasingly central role in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE), the limitations and opportunities of such approaches, and how it could be shared, developed, problematised and deployed in response to violence and polarisation. The Handbook details new trends in both violent extremism and counter-extremism response, within this increasingly fractured global context. It critically explores the latest theories of community violence, extremism, polarisation and resilience, mapping them across case study countries. In doing so, it presents new findings for students, researchers, practitioners and policymakers seeking to understand these new patterns of polarisation and extremism and develop community-driven responses"--

AbstractThe regulation of violent right‐wing extremist online content in the European Union is facing a conundrum. On the one hand, pressure to respond to concern over violent right‐wing extremism (or VRWE, a term used by the European Union to refer to 'far right') has led to a push to develop a coherent European‐wide response. On the one hand, this has led to a watering down or 'loosening' of the concept and implementation, to come to policy agreements between Member States. On the other hand, we have also seen a broadening and expansion of key concepts around VRWE to include more online practices. We argue that this combination of 'loosening' the definition of far right, whilst simultaneously 'broadening' what constitutes far‐right content, risks the securitisation of vast online practices ‐ muddying the means for developing coherent and effective responses to VRWE in online spheres. This paper aims to explore the framing and securitisation of violent right‐wing extremist content, by tracking the discursive construction of European content moderation policy tools over time.

This paper aims to conduct a systematic and critical review of contemporary literature on processes of polarisation, the role they are perceived as playing in creating a matrix of adversities that can lead to increased vulnerability to what is often termed 'violent extremism', and the potential impact of practices that are understood as building pro-social resilience to such adversities. Through a wide-ranging review, taking in studies and practice on polarisation and 'violent extremism', the authors aim to identify a schema of what are broadly conceptualised as vulnerabilities – factors, operating on macro, meso and micro levels, which may either increase or decrease the likelihood that communities become fragmented and polarised within a European context. ; The BRaVE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 822189